Nedenini kısaca yukarıda iki defa yazmıştım...
Bu başlığı açma amacım da neden çeliştiğini bilimsel olarak tek tek açıklamak değildi..
Fakat Mendel''in çalışmalarıyla Darwin''in çalışmalarının çeliştiğini SÖYLEYEN linkleri buraya yazdım..
Eğer yukarı yazdıklarımdan tatmin olmamışsanız daha uzun bir cevap gerekiyor demektir ayrıca konuyla direk ilgisi olmasa da daha önce yazdıklarımla ilgili:
"Jeffrey Kaye, M.A., Ph.D. candidate, Clinical Psychology"
"I have followed with some interest the thread on Darwin and Mendel. I am
currently writing my dissertation on the adult development of Charles Darwin
and have perused much of his correspondence, travelled to Cambridge, England
to look at original materials in the Darwin Archive, read numerous
biographies, etc. As such, I believe I am somewhat qualified to make some
judgment upon this dispute, clear up some confusion, and make a concluding
comment.
To the best of my knowledge, Darwin never read Mendel''s paper, "Versuche uber
Pflanzen-hybriden", published in 1866 in _Proceedings of the Natural History
Society of Brunn_ (Brno). These _Proceedings_ were sent to the libraries of
115 institutions, including the British Royal Society and the Linnean Society
(this last might be remembered as the forum for Wallace and Darwin''s joint
papers on evolution in 1858). Surely Darwin had the opportunity to see or
read the paper if he wished, but it is evident he did not. There is no
menition of Mendel in any of Darwin''s letters, or in that of any of his
correspondents, as meticulously compiled in _Calendar of the Complete
Correspondence of Charles Darwin_, University of Cambridge Press.
Mendel was not a prolific writer (he published only one other paper). Perhaps
Darwin was already committed to his own theory of inheritance, ,Pangenesis, at
this time, as some have maintained; or perhaps it was the struggle to read
German, or Darwin''s difficulty with mathematics, which caused him to overlook
Mendel''s paper. We will most likely never know. But any implication that
Darwin suppressed Mendel''s paper is most certainly false. (Nor are Mendel''s
findings exactly what they are portrayed by popular historians of science to
be. For instance, Mendel''s writings predated the distinction we know today as
that between phenotype and genotype. Nor did Mendel discover genes, or
understand that there are pairs of alleles which are separated during
meiosis. See R.C. Olby''s, "Mendel no Mendelian?" (1979), History of Science,
17, pp. 53-72, as referenced by Mayr, ibid.)
We might ask instead: 1) Why did none of the other biologists of this time
recognize the importance of Mendel''s findings? (Indeed, the failure of
Nageli, one of the leading botanists of his time and to whom Mendel directly
communicated his work, to so recognize Mendel''s discoveries constitutes a
subgenre within Mendel biographical studies.) And 2) Why Mendel himself did
not try to communicate with Darwin?
As to the last point, Mendel was well aware of Darwin''s work. (I believe
Mendel visited London in the early 1870s, but have not been able to find my
citation for this assertion.) Mendel''s teacher and mentor, Franz Unger at the
University of Vienna, had developed his own Lamarckian-styled theory of
evolution in 1852 which highly interested
Mendel. With the publication of _Origin of Species_ by Darwin, Mendel
accepted Darwin''s arguments regarding evolution. In Mendel''s 1866 paper, he
described the necessity of his experiments with varietal hybrids as an
attempt to "reach the solution of a question, the importance of which cannot
be over-estimated in connection with the history of the evolution of organic
form." (quoted in E. Mayr, _The Growth of Biological Thought_, 1982, p. 711).
Not that Mendel was in full agreement with Darwin on everything. In 1870,
Mendel set out to prove that Darwin was wrong when Darwin (mistakenly)
concluded that a single pollen grain was insufficient for pollination. Mendel
conducted experiments and settled the issue to his satisfaction, once again
reporting his findings to Nageli. Unfortunately, these experiments were not
published until 1905. -- It remains to be
understood why Mendel himself never thought to write to Darwin. Perhaps
biographers of Mendel can more sufficiently answer this question.
One of the assertions in this thread was that Darwin was not sufficiently
interested in plants, and had the hybrid experiments been reported for
animals then Darwin would have suddenly taken interest. Yet Darwin was
neither ignorant nor uninterested in plants. While he was not a botanist, per
se, he was vitally interested in plants, in their forms and adaptations, and
in the phenomena of sexual crossing, which brought to Darwin''s attention some
of the most unique and special kinds of sexual forms of any living thing,
plant or animal. (See Darwin''s books on Orchids (1862), or his essay on
Lythrum salicaria, a plant which has three kinds of females and three kinds
of males!) One cannot read, for instance, Darwin''s long and compendious
correspondence with his good friend, botanist J. Hooker, director of Kew
Gardens, and
not understand just how far ranging was Darwin''s curiosity about plants. In
fact, Darwin''s contributions to our understanding of plants is far more
reaching than I have even hinted at here, and includes at least four books
published on botanical matters after 1872.
In July 1856, Darwin wrote to the U.S. Harvard botanist, Asa Gray, "I must
say one word more in justification (for I feel sure that your tendency will
be to despise me and my crotchets), that all my notions about _how_ species
change are derived from long continued study of the works of (and converse
with) agriculturists and horticulturists..." (Life and Letters of C. Darwin,
ed. F. Darwin, 1959, v. 1., p. 438)
Darwin''s own experiments on heredity and his theory of Pangenesis were done
in the late 1860s and early 1870s on rabbits and sweetpeas (!) with his
cousin, Francis Galton, a well-known mathematician himself. (One could ask
why Galton never read Mendel, at least before 1900??) While Darwin was
mistaken in his theory, he did understand that some material entity in the
body carried the information of heredity... of course, he mistakenly believed
that some ontogenetically
acquired characteristics might be transmitted in this fashion.
I cannot venture to guess whether or not Darwin reading Mendel would have
changed matters. Ernst Mayr makes a good case in his book quoted above that
it might not have changed anything. However, I question the intent behind the
entire enterprise. There is a myth around men and women of genius, and
Darwin''s great discoveries still engender much controversy. Even in the world
of science, I do not believe that Darwin''s insights have yet been fully
integrated. The psychological impulse exists to pull down Darwin, and most
myths surrounding him have this purpose. For instance, there is the so-called
deathbed conversion of Darwin. Then, there is the myth of the young,
roustabout, no-good Darwin, who, if not for a quirk of chance, would have
been a pathetic failure
if he had not gone on the Beagle. (My own research shoots this last myth to
shreads... and while I don''t want to give away the store, so to speak, one
can read between the lines if you read about Darwin in the year 1831 in
Browne''s new biography.) Of course, there is also the Darwin who allegedly
stole his theory from any number of people (Wallace, Blyth, William Wells,
Patrick Matthew, etc.) Then, there is the legend that Darwin could have read
Mendel, of Mendel''s essay sitting in his library, or even that he turned its
pages and ignored, misunderstood or generally bungled it.
Darwin made many, many errors."
Ayrıca Mendel ile Darwin''in hangi yönlerden çeliştiği için lütfen şu linkleri okuyunuz...
http://www.creationism.org/patten/Pa...iblFlood10.htm
http://www.creationism.org/books/pri...Predicmt02.htm
http://www.answersingenesis.org/crea...2/genetics.asp
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